Major towns in south carolina colony. Essential Facts About the South Carolina Colony
Wiki User. Pacoma San Fernando And Berlin were all major cities in north carolinaa during colonial times. Raleigh, Edenton, and New Bern. Other highly populated cities are Greenville, Goose Creek, and Sumter.
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Charles Town, South Carolina.
Columbia serves as the seat of the Richland County and a part of it extends into Lexington County. These rivers merge to form the Congaree River. The University of South Carolina is also based in Columbia.
It is also the oldest city in South Carolina and the county seat of Charleston County. It was established in as Charles Town. In , Charleston was incorporated as a city. It is known for its rich and well-preserved history and hospitable people. North Charleston is the third most populated city in South Carolina. It is home to a population of 97, people.
The city spreads into three counties, Dorchester, Berkeley, and Charleston. The city was incorporated in and since then it has experienced rapid population growth. It had a population of 67, individuals in It is located in Charleston County on the east side of the Charleston Harbor.
So many Africans were imported that they comprised a majority of the population in the colony from through the American Revolution. Living and working together on large plantations, they developed what is known as the Gullah culture and creole language , maintaining many west African traditions of various cultures, while adapting to the new environment.
The Black population of the Lowcountry was dominated by wealthy planters of English descent and indentured servants from southern and western England. The interior Carolina upcountry was settled later, largely in the 18th century by Ulster Scots immigrants arriving via Pennsylvania and Virginia , German Calvinists, French Huguenot refugees in the Piedmont and foothills as well as by working class English indentured servants who moved inland after completing their terms of service working on coastal plantations.
Toward the end of the Colonial Period, the upcountry people were underrepresented politically and felt they were mistreated by the planter elite. In reaction, many took a Loyalist position when the Lowcountry planters complained of the new taxes, an issue that later contributed to the colony's support of the American Revolution. A ship was sent southward to explore the Port Royal, South Carolina area, where the French had established the short-lived Charlesfort post and the Spanish had built Santa Elena , the capital of Spanish Florida from to , until it was abandoned.
Captain Robert Sanford made a visit with the friendly Edisto Indians. When the ship departed to return to Cape Fear , Dr. Henry Woodward stayed behind to study the interior and native Indians.
On March 15, , under Sayle who sailed on a Bermuda sloop with a number of Bermudian families , they finally reached Port Royal. According to the account of one passenger, the Indians were friendly, made signs toward where they should land, and spoke broken Spanish. Spain still considered Carolina to be its land; the main Spanish base, St.
Augustine , was not far away. Although the Edisto Indians were not happy to have the English settle permanently, the chief of the Kiawah Indians , who lived farther north along the coast, arrived to invite the English to settle among his people and protect them from the Westo tribe, slave-raiding allies of Virginia. The sailors agreed and sailed for the region now called West Ashley. When they landed in early April at Albemarle Point on the shores of the Ashley River , they founded Charles Town , named in honor of their king.
Catherines Island , and had run into Indians allied with the Spanish. Of the hundreds of people who had sailed from England or Barbados, only people, including three African slaves, lived to arrive at Charles Town Landing.
The Province of Carolina was founded in mainly by planters from the overpopulated English sugar island of Barbados , who brought relatively large numbers of African slaves from that island to establish new plantations. To meet agricultural labor needs, colonists also practiced Indian slavery for some time. The Carolinians transformed the Indian slave trade during the late 17th and early 18th centuries by treating such slaves as a trade commodity to be exported, mainly to the West Indies.
Historian Alan Gallay estimates that between and , between 24, and 51, captive Native Americans were exported from South Carolina—much more than the number of Africans imported to the colonies of the future United States during the same period. Proprietary rule was unpopular in South Carolina almost from the start, mainly because propertied immigrants to the colony hoped to monopolize the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina as a basis for government.
Moreover, many Anglicans resented the Proprietors' guarantee of freedom of religion to Dissenters. In November , Carolina elected James Moore as governor and sent a representative to ask the King to make Carolina a royal province with a royal governor.
They wanted the Crown to grant the colony aid and security directly from the English government. Because the Crown was interested in Carolina's exports and did not think the Lords Proprietor were adequately protecting the colony, it agreed. Robert Johnson , the last proprietary governor, became the first royal governor. Meanwhile, the colony of Carolina was slowly splitting in two. In the first fifty years of the colony's existence, most settlement was focused on the region around Charleston, as the northern part of the colony had no deep water port.
North Carolina's earliest settlement region, the Albemarle Settlements , was colonized by Virginians and closely tied to Virginia. In , the northern half of Carolina was granted its own governor and named "North Carolina". North Carolina remained under proprietary rule until Because South Carolina was more populous and more commercially important, most Europeans thought primarily of it, and not of North Carolina, when they referred to "Carolina". By the time of the American Revolution, this colony was known as "South Carolina.
Governor Robert Johnson encouraged settlement in the western frontier to make Charles Town's shipping more profitable, and to create a buffer zone against attacks. The Carolinians arranged a fund to lure European Protestants. Each family would receive free land based on the number of people that it brought over, including indentured servants and slaves. Every families settling together would be declared a parish and given two representatives in the state assembly.
Within ten years, eight townships formed, all along navigable streams. Charlestonians considered the towns created by the Huguenots , German Calvinists , Scots , Ulster-Scots Presbyterians, working class English laborers who were former indentured servants as well as Welsh farmers, such as Orangeburg and Saxe-Gotha later called Cayce , to be their first line of defense in case of an Indian attack, and military reserves against the threat of a slave uprising.
Between and , twenty-nine new towns were founded in South Carolina. By the s the Piedmont region attracted numerous frontier families from the north, using the Great Wagon Road. There were large numbers of Welsh farmers who moved to the region between and These were mainly religious migrants, they left Wales because they were dissenting Calvinist Baptists who faced pressure back home in Wales to convert to the Anglican faith.
Differences in religion, philosophy and background between the mostly subsistence farmers in the Upcountry and the slaveholding planters of the Low Country bred distrust and hostility between the two regions.
The Low Country planters traditionally had wealth, education and political power. By the time of the Revolution, however, the Upcountry contained nearly half the white population of South Carolina, about 30, settlers. Nearly all of them were Dissenting Protestants. After the Revolution, the state legislature disestablished the Anglican Church. The main source of wealth during the late-colonial period was the export of rice, deerskins and, by the s, indigo.
Sea Island cotton, produced on large plantations off the coast, was also highly profitable. Although Governor Francis Nicholson attempted to pacify the Cherokee with gifts, they had grown discontented with the arrangements. Sir Alexander Cuming negotiated with them to open some land for settlement in Because Governor James Glen stepped in to bring peace between the Creek people and Cherokee, who were traditional enemies, the Cherokee rewarded him by granting South Carolina a few thousand acres of land near their major Lower Town of Keowee.
Old Hop gave the Carolinians the 96th District, a region that included parts of ten currently separate counties. From to , Cherokee warriors served pp juice in campaigns along the Virginia and Pennsylvania frontier. Returning homeward, they were killed by Virginia frontiersmen. In , the Cherokee avenged these killings and began attacking white settlers in the southern colonial Upcountry. South Carolina's Governor William Henry Lyttelton raised an army of 1, men and marched on the Lower Towns, which quickly agreed to peace.
As part of the peace terms, two dozen Cherokee chiefs were imprisoned as hostages in Fort Prince George. Lyttelton returned to Charles Town, but the Cherokee continued raiding the frontier.
In the battle, the fort's commander was killed. His replacement quickly ordered the execution of the hostages, then fought off the Cherokee assault. Unable to put down the rebellion, Governor Lyttelton appealed to Jeffrey Amherst , who sent Archibald Montgomery with an army of 1, British regulars and Scots Highlanders.
Montgomery's army burned a few of the Cherokees' abandoned Lower Towns. When he tried to cross into the region of the Cherokee Middle Towns, he was ambushed and defeated at "Etchoe Pass" and forced to return to Charles Town.
In , the British made a third attempt to defeat the Cherokee. General Grant led an army of 2, men, including Catawba scouts. The Cherokee fought at Etchoe Pass but failed to stop Grant's army. The British burned the Cherokee Middle Towns and fields of crops. In September , a number of Cherokee chiefs led by Attakullakulla petitioned for peace.
The terms of the peace treaty, concluded in Charleston that December, included the cession of lands along the South Carolina frontier. After the Cherokee defeat and cession of land, new settlers from Ulster flooded into the Upcountry through the Waxhaws in what is now called Lancaster County. Lawlessness ensued and robbery, arson, and looting became common. Upcountry residents formed a group of "Regulators," vigilantes who took the law into their own hands to control the criminals.
Before long, Calhoun and Moses Kirkland were in the legislature as Upcountry representatives. By , the colony contained , people. An estimated 80, to , slaves escaped during the Revolutionary War, either by themselves or with the British.
Numerous churches built bases in Charleston, and expanded into the rural areas. From the founding of Charleston onwards, the colony welcomed many different religious groups, including Jews and Quakers, but Catholics were prohibited from practicing until after the American Revolution. The different churches recognized and supported each other, eventually building the colony into a pluralist and tolerant society.
The highly successful preaching tour of evangelist George Whitefield in ignited a religious revival—called the First Great Awakening —which energized evangelical Protestants. They expanded their membership among the white farmers, and women were especially active in the small Methodist and Baptist [34] churches that were springing up everywhere. Slave women exercised wide-ranging spiritual leadership among Africans in America in healing and medicine, church discipline, and revival enthusiasm.
Many of the rich planters came from Barbados and other islands in the Caribbean, and brought seasoned African slaves from there. The planters duplicated elements of the Caribbean economies, developing plantations for the cultivation of export crops, such as Sea Island cotton , indigo, and particularly rice.
The slaves came from many diverse cultures in West Africa, where they had developed an immunity to endemic malaria , which helped them survive in the Low Country of South Carolina, where it frequently occurred.
Peter Wood documents that "Negro slaves played a significant and often determinative part in the evolution of the colony. They were also active in the fur trade , and as boatmen, fishermen and cattle herders. By , expansion of plantation agriculture had required continuing importation of slaves from Africa and they comprised a majority of the population in the colony, a status maintained after the colonial era. Colonists tried to regulate the numerous slaves, including establishing dress rules to maintain differences between the classes.
Relations between colonists and slaves were a result of continuing negotiation, with increasing tensions as slaves sought freedoms. In , a group of slaves rose up in the Stono rebellion.
